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    9/2/2008

    何谓君子

     
        孔子说:质胜文则野,文胜质则史。文质彬彬,然后君子。

      这段话的意思大致是说:一个人,若他的自然天性比他的学识涵养表现得更为突出,则他会显得比较粗野鄙陋;若他有良好的学识涵养,但却缺少自然天性的流露,则他又会象个学究一般,虽满腹诗书、懂礼识仪,却失去了天真率性的一面。只有那些既有真性情,又有学识涵养的人,才能被称作“君子”。

      在这里,孔子对“君子”的讨论并不是以道德品质为出发点的,他强调的是一种能够将先天的自然本性与后天的学识涵养结合起来的和谐均衡的人格特质。

      一方面,人是有自然的生命状态的。人有各种共同的天性和本能,而每个人又有自己的性格和偏好,有自己独特的生理或心理特征,这都是很自然的。另一方面,人又可以通过学习、模仿、训练、思考等多种途径补充自己的知识、展现自己的才华、养成更为得体的行为习惯和处世方式。这两方面都非常重要,是缺一不可的,只有将这两个方面结合起来,才能形成一种和谐均衡、美好宁静的生命状态。

      但是,这种生命状态是一种理想化了的要求,大概很少有人能真正做到不偏不倚、恰到好处。而在生活中,同样都不完美,我们可能会更偏爱那种性情天真而学养不够的人,虽然他显得有些粗陋简单,但至少是率直可爱的。正如朱熹在给孔子的这句话加注时所言:“然则与其史也,宁野。”他的论据是,若一个人有着天真自然的率真性情,后天的学养还有希望慢慢形成;若是只知道识文断礼却失去了真性情,那些学识礼貌便都成了没有生命力的空洞肤浅的形式。

      孔子对“君子”的认定是一种比较古典的方式,应该说也是一种比较全面的方式。当然,孔子所说的“君子”要是针对男性而言的,众所周知,孔子对女性的评价不高,似乎也不怎么寄予希望。但身处现代,我觉得这段话应该是适用于所有人的。也许每个人都应该比照一下,自己究竟属于哪一种呢:是质胜文的粗陋肤浅之人?是文胜质的教条空洞之人?还是文质相宜的彬彬君子?
     
     

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